Yeast infection is a form of vaginitis, or inflammation of the vagina. It is caused by an overgrowth of Candida, a microscopic fungus that normally inhabits the vagina and other parts of the body. There are four types of Candida. However, a variety called Candida albicans (C. albicans) causes the vast majority of vaginal yeast infections.

Several factors can promote the overgrowth of C. albicans in the vagina, including, but not limited to:

• Pregnancy and other causes of hormonal changes
• Diabetes, particularly uncontrolled 
• Birth control pills
• Medications (e.g., steroids, antibiotics)
• Weakened immune system

Symptoms of yeast infection are not always apparent, but may include:

• Thick, white, cottage cheese-like discharge
• Itching, burning or irritation of the vagina
• Redness of the area that surrounds the vagina (erythema)
• Rash on the outer vaginal lips
• Pain during sexual intercourse (dyspareunia)
• Burning during urination (dysuria)

Patients with recurrent yeast infections are often able to diagnose and treat themselves. However, women exhibiting first-time symptoms of infection should immediately consult their gynecologist. Women who are or may be pregnant also should be seen by their obstetrician-gynecologist prior to beginning any treatment for yeast infections. 

Vaginal yeast infections are typically diagnosed based on a woman’s symptoms and a complete pelvic examination conducted by a physician. In some cases, a slide test may be administered by the physician. This test analyzes a woman’s vaginal secretions for the presence of yeast organisms.

Vaginal yeast infections can be treated using over-the-counter (OTC) or prescription medications. They come in various forms including creams, ointments and suppositories that are inserted directly into the vagina and applied topically for symptom relief. Oral medications also may be used but these are available only through prescription.

Treatment options range from one to 14 days in duration although relief from the symptoms usually occurs within the first few days. Yeast infections cannot always be prevented but women can reduce the likelihood of developing them by avoiding risk factors involving clothing and personal hygiene. Additionally, women with recurrent yeast infections may choose to take boric acid capsules or eat yogurt with lactobacillus acidophilus cultures daily. Both of these items have proven to be effective in preventing this condition. 

Male partners of women with vaginal yeast infection do not typically experience any symptoms of the condition, although in rare instances, yeast infection can be transmitted through sexual intercourse. Men who experience symptoms, such as genital itching and irritation, should immediately notify their physician. Left untreated, symptoms of yeast infection may persist and can cause more serious conditions in both women and men, including a life-threatening blood infection called sepsis.