Women with type 1 or type 2 diabetes can in many cases have a successful pregnancy and healthy baby. There is an increased risk of complications including miscarriage and birth defects. Pregnancy can also worsen some diabetic complications in expectant mothers, such as high blood pressure and eye disease. However, these risks can be greatly reduced by monitoring and controlling glucose (blood sugar).

Diabetic women who would like to become pregnant should first have a complete medical examination to help identify any complications. They should also receive preconception counseling and care.

Most diabetic complications of pregnancy can be prevented by maintaining near-normal glucose levels. This can typically be achieved through:

• Proper diet
• Regular exercise
• Taking medication and having checkups as prescribed
• Control of insulin (a hormone that regulates glucose)
• Watching for signs of dangerous fluctuations in glucose

Because of the level of care required for the mother and baby during and after delivery, home births are not generally recommended for women with diabetes. Diabetic women can generally deliver vaginally providing that glucose levels are normal, that there are no complications and that the baby is not oversized. Otherwise a Caesarean delivery (C-section) may become necessary.

The relationship between the new mother and the medical team does not end with birth. Many new mothers with diabetes experience glucose swings after delivery. They may rely on their medical team for care and advice about how to predict bodily changes, especially if they are breastfeeding their infant.

Many women with diabetes can nurse successfully. However, those who take certain medications should speak with their physician before nursing because many over-the-counter and prescription drugs, including some diabetes medications, can pass into breast milk. It is important for nursing mothers with diabetes to continue to monitor their glucose because they may develop hypoglycemia, which can harm mother and baby.

Nondiabetic women who become pregnant can develop a temporary condition known as gestational diabetes.